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Abi-Mershed, E. (2021). THE INTER-AMERICAN HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEM AND THE ROLE AND RIGHTS OF JUDGES. REVISTA ESMAT, 12(20), 220–250. https://doi.org/10.34060/reesmat.v12i20.396
Resumo
Access to justice at the domestic level is a core component of human rights protection, with judges playing a key role in that process. Judges may require particular protection when subject to violations of their own rights in connection with their judicial mandate. This article first provides a basic overview of the Inter-American Commission’s and Court’s respective mandates. There are some brief references to examples from Brazil, as well as some concerning judicial independence and the protection of judges. The article then reviews a series of individual cases in which the Commission and Court have set standards on the obligation of states to respect the role and independence of judges. The focus is on independence, through respect for their security of tenure against improper interference, as well as effective protection when judges are subjected to threats or violence due to their work. In relation to judicial protection and guarantees, the article also looks briefly at the system’s clear position against the use of military jurisdiction to investigate, prosecute and punish serious human rights violations. The article closes with a brief reflection on the system and the commonalities and distinctions within which it necessarily works.Referências
Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación (CSJN) Argentina. Fallo, causa “Carranza Latrubesse, Gustavo c/ Estado Nacional”. Centro de Información Judicial, 6 de agosto de 2013. Available at: <https://www.cij.gov.ar/nota-11959-Fallo-de-la-Corte-en-causa--Carranza-Latrubesse--Gustavo--c--Estado-Nacional-.html>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Annual Report 2018, December 31, 2018, available at: <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/docs/annual/2018/TOC.asp>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR.Democratic Institutions, the Rule of Law and Human Rights in Venezuela, 31 December 2017, available at: <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/Venezuela2018-en.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Employees of the fireworks industry in Santo Antonio de Jesus and their families, Report No. 25/18, Case 12.428, Brazil, March 2, 2018, available in Spanish at:<http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/decisions/cases.asp>. Accessed on February 20, 2020. (Case submitted to Inter-American Court September 19, 2018).
IACHR. Guarantees for justice operators: Towards strengthening access to justice and the rule of law in the Americas, 5 December 2013, available at: <http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/defensores/docs/pdf/Justice-Operators-2013.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Gustavo Carranza, Report No. 30/97, Case 10.087, Argentina, September 30, 1997, available at: <http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/97eng/Argentina10087.htm>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Impact of the friendly settlement procedure (Second edition March 1, 2018), available at: <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/ImpactFriendlySettlement-2018.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Judges of Chiriqui, Report No. 28/94, Case 10.026, Panama, September 30, 1994, available at: <http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/94eng/Panama10026.htm>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR.Preliminary Observations ofIACHR’s In Loco Visit to Brazil, November 12, 2018, available at: <http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/prensa/comunicados/2018/238OPeng.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR/UN. Press release 160/17, UN Human Rights and IACHR categorically reject bill expanding jurisdiction of military courts in Brazil, October 13, 2017, available at: <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2017/160.asp>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR/UN. Press release 047/18, Brazil: OHCHR and IACHR express concern over federal intervention in Rio de Janeiro, March 13, 2018, available at: <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2018/047.asp>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Press release 103/19, IACHR concerned about killings committed by police officers in Brazilian urban contexts, April 25, 2019 (also concerning killings by security forces), available at: <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2019/103.asp>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Argentina, 11 April 1980, section VI.B, available at: <http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Argentina80eng/chap.6.htm#B.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Organization%20of%20the%20Judicial%20System%20under%20the%20present%20Government>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. RibónAvilán et al., Case 11.142, Rep No. 26/97, Colombia, 30 September 1997, available at: <http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/97eng/Colombia11142.htm>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Rodolfo Correa Belisle, Report No. 15/10, Petition 11.758, Argentina, March 16, 2010, available at: <http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/ARSA11758EN.DOC>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Rojas de Negri and Quintana Arancibia, Case 9755, Res. No. 1a/88, Chile, 12 September 1988, available at: <http://cidh.org/annualrep/87.88eng/Chile9755.htm>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Second Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Peru, June 2, 2000, available at: <http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Peru2000en/TOC.htm>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR.ChocrónChocrón v. Venezuela, Ser. C No. 227, July 1, 2011, available at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_227_ing.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Constitutional Court v. Peru, Ser. C No. 71, January 31, 2001, available at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_71_ing.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Constitutional Tribunal (Camba Campos et al.) v. Ecuador, Ser. C No. 268, August 28, 2013, available at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_268_ing.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR.Employees of the fireworks industry in Santo Antonio de Jesus and their families v. Brazil, Public hearing (mixed Spanish and Portuguese), January 31, 2020, available at: <http://corteidh.or.cr/galeria-multimedia.cfm>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Favela Nova Brasilia v. Brazil, Ser. C No. 333, February 16, 2017, available (Portuguese, also Spanish) at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_333_por.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Gomes Lund et al. (“Guerrilha do Araguaia”) v. Brazil, Ser. C No. 219, November 24, 2010, available (Portuguese, also Spanish) at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_219_por.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Herzog et al. v. Brazil, Ser. C No. 353, March 15, 2018, available (Portuguese, also Spanish) at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_353_por.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. López Lone et al. v. Honduras, Ser. C No. 302, October 5, 2015, available at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_302_ing.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Radilla Pacheco v. Mexico, Ser C No. 209, 23 November 2009, available (Spanish), at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_209_ing.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Resolution on Compliance in the cases of Radilla Pacheco, Fernández Ortega et al. and Rosendo Cantú et al. v. Mexico, 17 April 2015, paras. 28-31, available (Spanish) at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/supervisiones/radilla_17_04_15.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Rights and guarantees of children in the context of migration and/or in need of international protection. Advisory Opinion OC-21/14 of August 19, 2014. Series A No.21, available (Portuguese, also Spanish) at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_21_por.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Supreme Court of Justice (Quintana Coello et al.) v. Ecuador, August 23, 2013, Ser. C No. 266, available (Spanish) at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_266_ing.pdf>. AccessedonFebruary 20, 2020.
BONNEFOY. Pascale. “La justicia chilena condenó a militares retirados por quemar vivo a un fotógrafo en 1986,” 21 March 2019, available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/es/2019/03/21/espanol/america-latina/asesinatos-dictadura-pinochet-chile.html>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Annual Report 2018, December 31, 2018, available at: <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/docs/annual/2018/TOC.asp>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR.Democratic Institutions, the Rule of Law and Human Rights in Venezuela, 31 December 2017, available at: <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/Venezuela2018-en.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Employees of the fireworks industry in Santo Antonio de Jesus and their families, Report No. 25/18, Case 12.428, Brazil, March 2, 2018, available in Spanish at:<http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/decisions/cases.asp>. Accessed on February 20, 2020. (Case submitted to Inter-American Court September 19, 2018).
IACHR. Guarantees for justice operators: Towards strengthening access to justice and the rule of law in the Americas, 5 December 2013, available at: <http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/defensores/docs/pdf/Justice-Operators-2013.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Gustavo Carranza, Report No. 30/97, Case 10.087, Argentina, September 30, 1997, available at: <http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/97eng/Argentina10087.htm>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Impact of the friendly settlement procedure (Second edition March 1, 2018), available at: <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/ImpactFriendlySettlement-2018.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Judges of Chiriqui, Report No. 28/94, Case 10.026, Panama, September 30, 1994, available at: <http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/94eng/Panama10026.htm>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR.Preliminary Observations ofIACHR’s In Loco Visit to Brazil, November 12, 2018, available at: <http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/prensa/comunicados/2018/238OPeng.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR/UN. Press release 160/17, UN Human Rights and IACHR categorically reject bill expanding jurisdiction of military courts in Brazil, October 13, 2017, available at: <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2017/160.asp>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR/UN. Press release 047/18, Brazil: OHCHR and IACHR express concern over federal intervention in Rio de Janeiro, March 13, 2018, available at: <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2018/047.asp>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Press release 103/19, IACHR concerned about killings committed by police officers in Brazilian urban contexts, April 25, 2019 (also concerning killings by security forces), available at: <http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2019/103.asp>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Argentina, 11 April 1980, section VI.B, available at: <http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Argentina80eng/chap.6.htm#B.%20%20%20%20%20%20%20Organization%20of%20the%20Judicial%20System%20under%20the%20present%20Government>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. RibónAvilán et al., Case 11.142, Rep No. 26/97, Colombia, 30 September 1997, available at: <http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/97eng/Colombia11142.htm>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Rodolfo Correa Belisle, Report No. 15/10, Petition 11.758, Argentina, March 16, 2010, available at: <http://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/2010eng/ARSA11758EN.DOC>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Rojas de Negri and Quintana Arancibia, Case 9755, Res. No. 1a/88, Chile, 12 September 1988, available at: <http://cidh.org/annualrep/87.88eng/Chile9755.htm>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACHR. Second Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Peru, June 2, 2000, available at: <http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Peru2000en/TOC.htm>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR.ChocrónChocrón v. Venezuela, Ser. C No. 227, July 1, 2011, available at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_227_ing.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Constitutional Court v. Peru, Ser. C No. 71, January 31, 2001, available at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_71_ing.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Constitutional Tribunal (Camba Campos et al.) v. Ecuador, Ser. C No. 268, August 28, 2013, available at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_268_ing.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR.Employees of the fireworks industry in Santo Antonio de Jesus and their families v. Brazil, Public hearing (mixed Spanish and Portuguese), January 31, 2020, available at: <http://corteidh.or.cr/galeria-multimedia.cfm>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Favela Nova Brasilia v. Brazil, Ser. C No. 333, February 16, 2017, available (Portuguese, also Spanish) at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_333_por.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Gomes Lund et al. (“Guerrilha do Araguaia”) v. Brazil, Ser. C No. 219, November 24, 2010, available (Portuguese, also Spanish) at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_219_por.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Herzog et al. v. Brazil, Ser. C No. 353, March 15, 2018, available (Portuguese, also Spanish) at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_353_por.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. López Lone et al. v. Honduras, Ser. C No. 302, October 5, 2015, available at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_302_ing.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Radilla Pacheco v. Mexico, Ser C No. 209, 23 November 2009, available (Spanish), at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_209_ing.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Resolution on Compliance in the cases of Radilla Pacheco, Fernández Ortega et al. and Rosendo Cantú et al. v. Mexico, 17 April 2015, paras. 28-31, available (Spanish) at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/supervisiones/radilla_17_04_15.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Rights and guarantees of children in the context of migration and/or in need of international protection. Advisory Opinion OC-21/14 of August 19, 2014. Series A No.21, available (Portuguese, also Spanish) at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_21_por.pdf>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
IACourtHR. Supreme Court of Justice (Quintana Coello et al.) v. Ecuador, August 23, 2013, Ser. C No. 266, available (Spanish) at: <http://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_266_ing.pdf>. AccessedonFebruary 20, 2020.
BONNEFOY. Pascale. “La justicia chilena condenó a militares retirados por quemar vivo a un fotógrafo en 1986,” 21 March 2019, available at: <https://www.nytimes.com/es/2019/03/21/espanol/america-latina/asesinatos-dictadura-pinochet-chile.html>. Accessed on February 20, 2020.
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